Cross-cultural associations:
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Are these cross-cultural associations causal?
Ecological or cross-cultural associations are frequently viewed as the lowest level of evidence about causality. However, to demean ecological associations is to fail to recognize the powerful indication they provide about the population burden of disease. They can be useful for prevention when correlations among populations are congruent with sound clinical evidence, with significant correlations at the level of individuals within populations, and with known mechanisms.
Search study findings on the individual level:
Alcohol (6) All-cause mortality (16) Blood pressure (8) Body mass index (7) Cardiovascular disease (30) Cholesterol (8) Cohort (12) CVD risk factors (31) Depression & Optimism (11) Diabetes (6) Diet (23) Dietary patterns (4) Disease outcomes (13) ECG predictors (2) Fatty acids (5) Flavonoids & lignans (5) Foods (7) Functional outcomes (10) Healthy aging (38) Lifestyle (25) Mental health (11) Nutrients (8) Physical activity (9) Self-rated health (2) Smoking (11)